Hyperglycemia

　　The causes of hyperglycemia can be various, including poor living habits and complications of other diseases, which can cause hyperglycemia.

　　1. Occasional hyperglycemia. If a large amount of sweets is eaten before a blood sugar test, of course, high blood sugar levels will appear. Therefore, do not worry too much if hyperglycemia is detected. After a period of time, recheck the blood sugar results.

　　2. Poor living habits and environment. Most young people today like fast food like KFC, and do not like vegetables and fruits. Long-term eating habits can lead to high blood sugar levels. Air negative ions are natural factors existing in the air, which can effectively reduce high blood sugar. However, environmental pollution has led to a significant decrease in the content of negative oxygen ions in the air, and the insufficient intake of negative oxygen ions by the human body is also an important cause of hyperglycemia.

　　3. Hyperglycemia caused by other diseases. Diseases such as coronary heart disease are closely related to hyperglycemia. Therefore, once diagnosed with hyperglycemia, it is necessary to find out the cause of hyperglycemia as soon as possible, so that targeted treatment can be carried out, and effective prevention and treatment of hyperglycemia can be done.

　　4. After excluding the above causes of hyperglycemia, it is very likely that hyperglycemia is an early symptom of diabetes. The population of diabetic patients is becoming younger and younger, even children with diabetes. Therefore, diabetic patients must know that hyperglycemia should be treated early.

　　5. Genetic factors can also lead to hyperglycemia.

　　The harm of hyperglycemia Short-term, one-time hyperglycemia does not cause serious damage to the human body. For example, during stress conditions or emotional excitement, high blood sugar can occur temporarily; eating a large amount of sugar at one time can also cause temporary hyperglycemia; afterwards, the blood sugar level gradually returns to normal. However, long-term hyperglycemia can cause various tissues and organs in the body to undergo pathological changes, leading to the occurrence of acute and chronic complications. Such as pancreatic dysfunction, dehydration, electrolyte disorder, malnutrition, decreased resistance, kidney damage, nerve lesions, fundus lesions, etc. It is imperative to control hyperglycemia.

　　The healthy life of humans is closely related to the stability of the external environment (such as air and water sources) and the internal environment (such as blood and tissue fluid). High blood sugar levels exactly disrupt the internal environment of the human body, causing a series of biochemical pathological changes and affecting the function of various organs. It can be seen that diabetic patients should actively and proactively keep their blood sugar levels stable at normal levels under the guidance of doctors to prevent or delay the occurrence of complications.

　　Elevated blood glucose levels and increased urine sugar levels can cause osmotic diuresis, thus leading to polyuria symptoms; elevated blood glucose levels and the loss of a large amount of water will also increase blood osmolality, and high blood osmolality can stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus, thus causing thirst and polydipsia symptoms; due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency, glucose cannot be utilized in the body, leading to increased consumption of protein and fat, causing fatigue and weight loss; to compensate for the loss of sugar and maintain body activity, more food needs to be consumed; this forms the typical symptoms of 'three more and one less'. The polydipsia and polyuria symptoms in diabetic patients are proportional to the severity of the disease. It is also worth noting that the more a patient eats, the higher the blood glucose level will be, the more sugar lost in the urine, and the stronger the hunger will be, leading to a vicious cycle. Therefore, in this case, it is better to eat less, but not less than 150 grams of staple food per day. However, if diabetes is not relieved, and the patient's appetite suddenly decreases, attention should be paid to whether there are complications such as infection, ketosis, and other complications.

　　1. Increased urination, dry skin, and dehydration.

　　2. Excessive thirst.

　　3. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort.

　　4. Anorexia, weight loss, and weakness.

　　5. Rapid heartbeat, slow and deep breathing.

　　6. Blood glucose test value is elevated.

　　7. Urine sugar test shows a positive reaction.

　　'Three more and one less' is the most common clinical manifestation of diabetes, which is polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, and weight loss. However, we have found that a considerable number of diabetic patients currently in clinical practice have delayed their condition because they do not have typical 'three more and one less' symptoms.

　　Some patients with type 2 diabetes do not have obvious symptoms of 'three more and one less', which is due to the increased renal glucose threshold of the patients. Normally, glucose is fully reabsorbed in the kidneys and no sugar is excreted in the urine; if blood glucose levels slightly rise, the reabsorption value of the renal tubules will increase accordingly; but when blood glucose levels rise to a certain level, exceeding the maximum reabsorption range of the renal tubules, some glucose will be excreted in the urine, forming glycosuria. This blood glucose critical value is the renal glucose threshold, with a normal value of 8.8 to 9.9 mmol/L (mmol/L). Kidney disease and other urinary system diseases will have varying degrees of impact on it, and the renal glucose threshold of most elderly patients will also increase accordingly. After the renal glucose threshold increases, even if the patient's blood glucose levels are high, they will not have glycosuria. Without glycosuria, osmotic diuresis will not be triggered, so there will be no polyuria symptoms; without losing a large amount of water, the change in plasma osmolality will be relatively mild, and the stimulation to the hypothalamic center will also be reduced accordingly, so there will be no symptoms of thirst and polydipsia; without glycosuria, a large amount of sugar will not be lost, so there will be no obvious hunger and polyphagia symptoms; without glycosuria, the loss of nutrients in the body will be reduced, so the degree of weight loss can also be reduced accordingly. Therefore, these diabetic patients can ultimately not show the symptoms of 'three more and one less'.

　　The principle of diabetes prevention is to increase physical activity to improve the body's sensitivity to insulin, reduce body weight, decrease body fat, enhance physical strength, improve work ability, and quality of life.

　　Blood glucose is the only standard for diagnosing hyperglycemia. Reference for normal blood glucose level:

　　I. Normal fasting blood glucose level

　　1. The normal fasting blood glucose level is 3.9-6.1 mmol/L (70-110 mg/dL), and the plasma glucose level is 3.9-6.9 mmol/L (70-125 mg/dL).

　　2. The fasting blood glucose level ≥ 6.7 mmol/L (120 mg/dL), and the plasma glucose level ≥ 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL), a diagnosis of diabetes can be made with two repeated measurements.

　　3. When the fasting blood glucose level is above 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL), and the plasma glucose level is above 6.4 mmol/L (115 mg/dL), a glucose tolerance test should be performed.

　　4. When the fasting blood glucose level exceeds 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), it indicates very little or no insulin secretion. Therefore, when the fasting blood glucose level is significantly increased, it is not necessary to perform other tests to diagnose diabetes.

　　II. Normal blood glucose level after a meal

　　1. 1 hour after a meal: Blood glucose 6.7-9.4 mmol/L. The maximum should not exceed 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dl).

　　2. 2 hours after a meal: Blood glucose ≤ 7.8 mmol/L.

　　3. 3 hours after a meal: After the third hour, the blood glucose level returns to normal, and all urine sugar tests are negative.

　　III. Normal blood glucose level for pregnant women

　　1. For pregnant women, the fasting blood glucose level should not exceed 5.1 mmol/L.

　　2. For pregnant women 1 hour after a meal: The blood glucose level 1 hour after a meal is generally used to detect diabetes in pregnant women. Authoritative data shows that the blood glucose level for pregnant women 1 hour after a meal should not exceed 10.0 mmol/L to be considered normal.

　　3. For pregnant women 2 hours after a meal: The normal blood glucose level after a meal is generally not allowed to exceed 11.1 mmol/L, while the normal blood glucose level for pregnant women 2 hours after a meal is not allowed to exceed 8.5 mmol/L.

　　By detecting the normal blood glucose level, understanding the standard blood glucose level can help you improve the prevention and treatment of diabetes.

　　Diabetic patients should pay attention to avoiding foods with high sugar content in their diet and should mainly consume coarse grains. Here are some dietary suggestions for diabetes:

　　1. Starch is generally made from rice and flour, but we prefer coarse grains such as oatmeal, wheat bran, and corn flour, as these foods contain more inorganic salts, vitamins, and are rich in dietary fiber. Dietary fiber has a reducing blood sugar effect, which is beneficial for controlling blood sugar levels.

　　2. For diabetic patients with high blood sugar, soybeans and their products are good sources of protein. On one hand, they contain a large amount of high-quality protein; on the other hand, they do not contain cholesterol and have a cholesterol-lowering effect, so they can replace some animal foods such as meat.

　　3. During the period of controlling calories, if still feeling hungry, vegetables with low sugar content can be eaten, seasoned with some seasonings after boiling in water. Due to the high content of dietary fiber and water in vegetables, they have low caloric content and a satiety effect, making them an indispensable food for diabetic patients.

　　4. Foods to be avoided include: white sugar, brown sugar, glucose, and sugar-containing desserts such as candy, cakes, jam, dried fruits, ice cream, sweetened beverages, etc. In addition, foods with a high carbohydrate content such as potatoes, yams, taros, lotus root, green onions, and carrots should be used less or the corresponding amount of staple food should be reduced after consumption.

　　5. Reduce the use of saturated fatty acid-rich animal fats such as lard, butter, tallow, and cream, and it is best not to use them. Vegetable oils can be used to replace some animal fats. Peanuts, walnuts, sesame seeds, and melon seeds also contain a considerable amount of fat, so it is best to avoid them or eat them in small amounts or reduce the intake of oils.

　　6. Eggs and animal offal such as liver, brain, kidneys, and other organs contain a high amount of cholesterol and should be used as little as possible or not at all.

　　7. Fruits contain glucose and fructose, which can increase blood sugar levels. Therefore, when the blood and urine sugar levels are relatively stable, it is advisable to avoid fasting blood sugar.

　　8. Alcoholic beverages, mainly containing alcohol, have a high caloric content but few other nutrients, so it is best not to drink them.

　　9. In addition to controlling the total calorie intake, patients with high blood sugar should also ensure food diversity. However, due to the restriction of sugar and salt, the taste of dishes is relatively monotonous. To address this, a variety of sweeteners such as xylitol, stevia, and sweet sugar are produced on the market, which have low calories and do not contain any nutrients. Among the existing sweeteners, xylitol can participate in human metabolism, penetrate into cells without insulin after entering the blood, and has a fast metabolism rate, which will not cause an increase in blood sugar and is the most suitable nutritional sugar substitute for diabetic patients, widely used in the fields of medicine and food.

　　10. For patients dependent on insulin, it is also necessary to strictly follow dietary control under the guidance of doctors and nutritionists. For diabetic patients with obesity, hypertension, and coronary heart disease, in addition to strict dietary control, animal offal, egg yolks, and fish roe should be avoided. Animal fats such as butter, lard, and tallow should be strictly controlled, as the saturated fatty acids are unfavorable for the prevention of atherosclerosis.

　　11. For diabetic patients with kidney dysfunction, in addition to controlling the total calorie intake, attention should be paid to low salt, salt-free or low sodium, and protein intake. The supply of protein should not be too high, and soy products should be avoided. For uremia, a low-protein diet is recommended, with an approximate protein intake of 30 grams per day. Starch should be used instead of rice, noodles, and the supply of protein should prioritize high-quality protein sources such as milk, eggs, and lean meat.

　　12. Avoid sweet foods, fried foods, seeds like sunflower and peanuts, and animal internal organs.

　　13. Avoid high-sugar foods, such as various candies and sweets.

　　14. Avoid fat intake, in addition to limiting animal fat, the amount of cooking oil per day should be less than 20 grams.

　　15. Avoid greasy and high-fat foods, such as fried foods and seeds like sunflower and peanuts.

　　16. Avoid foods high in cholesterol, such as animal internal organs.

　　17. Eat more high-fiber foods, such as coarse grains and vegetables with high fiber content.

　　18. Quantitative meals, can eat several small meals.

　　19. Protein intake can be basically the same as normal people, 1.2 grams per kilogram of body weight, but not too much.

　　20. In daily life, drinking tea as a beverage can not only prevent and improve the treatment of hyperglycemia but also regulate the balance of the human body's mechanism, lower blood sugar, enhance human immunity, and greatly reduce a series of complications caused by hyperglycemia. This kind of Chinese herbal tea mainly includes hawthorn, corn silk, and Polygonum multiflorum.

　　Experts in natural medicine research introduce that the treatment of hyperglycemia should choose a natural therapy with no toxic or side effects - the negative ion therapy. Air negative ions, also known as negative oxygen ions, refer to oxygen ions that have gained one or more electrons and carry a negative charge. They are often called 'longevity elements' and 'air vitamins'. Air negative ions are a natural factor beneficial to human health that exists in nature. After rain, in forest green belts, by waterfalls, at sea, etc., there are abundant air negative ions, which is why the air is fresh and spirits are elevated in these places; this is why many sanatoriums are located on mountains or by the sea.

　　Strictly control blood sugar. Early and effective control of infection. Strict control of blood sugar can reduce the incidence of infection. Controlling blood sugar and correcting acidosis are conducive to the control and elimination of infection. In addition to increasing insulin use during infection, patients taking oral hypoglycemic agents should switch to insulin, and then switch back to oral medication after infection control. Adequate recognition and treatment should be given to infections in patients with hyperglycemia.