If newborns frequently show various abnormal symptoms, it may be necessary to conduct examinations. Some parents are very curious because doctors require heel blood collection during the examination, and they worry that this posture may affect the blood circulation system of the baby. What does heel blood collection in newborns check? How long does it take for the heel blood of newborns to produce results?

The heel blood taken from newborns is generally used for neonatal screening, which can detect whether newborns have congenital hereditary diseases as early as possible through the screening of phenylketonuria and thyroid hormone levels, and carry out immediate treatment to promote their happy growth.

Although some congenital hereditary metabolic diseases have a low incidence rate, they can severely affect brain development and may cause lifelong disability. They cannot be diagnosed before birth, and there are no symptoms in the early stages after birth. Once an abnormal condition is detected, the central nervous system has already suffered unavoidable damage, losing the opportunity for treatment. Therefore, if early examination and early treatment can be carried out after birth, it can prevent patients from suffering harm and prevent intellectual disabilities.

The heel blood of newborns is generally examined 3 days after birth, and the results are usually obtained in 10 to 15 days. If there is an abnormality in the screening center, the family will be notified by phone to go for a follow-up examination. If there is no problem, then after one month, parents can check the results online according to the address on the screening card or go to the screening hospital’s laboratory to inquire about the results.

Firstly, after the newborn is born at home, is there a heel blood collection for examination?

Friend, one day suddenly asked me this question. Of course, it is, not only our baby needs to be collected for heel blood examination, but every newborn needs to be collected for heel blood examination. However, the examination items and costs in each region will have certain differences.

Secondly, it is very painful to see the baby collecting blood. Can blood from other locations be used instead of heel blood if so much blood is collected at one time?

It is possible, but the blood from other locations is not as rich as the heel blood, making it convenient to collect enough blood, and the veins are also easy for doctors to find. Moreover, the sensory nerves on the baby’s sole are not as sensitive as other locations, causing less harm to the baby.

Thirdly, what kind of examination needs to be done?

The heel blood mainly screens for phenylketonuria (PKU) and congenital hypothyroidism (CH) as two main items. These two diseases, if not treated promptly, can cause serious damage to the baby, leading to developmental delays, even lifelong disability and intellectual disabilities, and other serious consequences. If treated promptly, these serious adverse effects can be prevented.

Some hospitals, in addition to using heel blood screening for these two diseases, will also conduct examinations for other types of hereditary metabolic diseases in newborns. For example, 19 types of amino acid metabolism diseases, 14 types of oleic acid metabolism diseases, and 15 types of citrate metabolism diseases. For detailed information, please refer to the local hospital.

The heel blood screening of newborns is conducted 72 hours after birth, collecting heel blood for examination, generally within 3 to 7 days after the newborn is born. If the baby cannot be bled for various reasons, the latest time for blood collection should not exceed 20 days after the newborn is born.

The doctor said that it is very necessary to examine the heel blood, and once phenylketonuria (PKU) and congenital hypothyroidism (CH) are identified, interventions and treatments can be carried out before the baby shows clinical symptoms, with a treatment rate of 95%.

We all know that tuberculosis is infectious, and the main way of infection is through the respiratory system. Some people may ask, when is the infectivity of tuberculosis the highest? How is tuberculosis infected? Next, we will introduce these one by one for everyone.

Tuberculosis does not have a regular period of high infectivity. Among tuberculosis patients, only those with tuberculosis detected by the microscope in sputum (i.e., so-called ‘smear-positive’ and ‘culture-positive’ patients) have infectivity. ‘Smear-positive’ and ‘culture-positive’ patients are medically referred to as sputum producers, and the tuberculosis they have is called ‘open tuberculosis’, which is the causative agent of tuberculosis. You can go to the infectious disease department of the hospital to check whether you have infectivity. The infection of tuberculosis usually occurs before discovery and diagnosis, that is, when there are no significant symptoms detected, the infectivity is high. After immediate treatment, the infectivity of tuberculosis quickly weakens and diminishes.

How is tuberculosis infected?

The causative agent of tuberculosis is mainly the sputum-producing tuberculosis patients, especially the undetected sputum producers are the most risky causative agents. However, after effective treatment, the infectivity can be significantly reduced or eliminated.

Aerobic infections: When patients with sputum cough or sneeze, the droplets transmitted and the dry sputum containing bacteria turn into floating dust in the air, which may be inhaled by others and cause infection.

Gastrointestinal infections: Using utensils used by patients with sputum without disinfection or eating leftover food from such patients may cause infection due to dietary exposure.

Next, I strongly recommend two types of drugs for everyone:

Cat’s claw capsules: Used for resolving swelling, reducing inflammation, and for treating scrofula, lymph node tuberculosis without ulceration, and can also be used for tuberculosis.

Lifupred capsules: Indicated for pneumonia, tuberculosis, and respiratory diseases.

We all know the harm of tuberculosis and understand that it is a highly infectious disease. If you have tuberculosis, you must seek medical treatment as soon as possible to prevent more serious harm to yourself and your loved ones. Today, let’s talk about the relevant knowledge of tuberculosis and take a look together.

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can affect many internal organs, with pulmonary tuberculosis infection being more common. Excreators are the main pathogen. Not everyone will develop symptoms after infection with tuberculosis bacilli. Clinical onset may occur when the body’s resistance decreases or when cellular-mediated hypersensitivity increases. If diagnosed and treated promptly, most cases can be cured clinically.

What to eat for tuberculosis:

1, Fig

Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the fig and poria have sweet and neutral properties and affect the spleen and intestines meridians. Their key functions are to strengthen the spleen and stomach, treat diarrhea, clear intestines and detoxify, resolve phlegm and promote Qi, benefit the lungs and promote lactation, and reduce swelling and detoxify. It can be used to treat cervical lymphadenitis. Method: Take 30 grams of fresh fig root, decocted in water.

2, Yellow croaker

The yellow croaker is rich in various nutrients such as protein, human fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B21, vitamin B22, vitamin B3, and so on, which are all essential nutrients for the body. They have a very good effect on nourishing the original Qi, regulating Qi and blood, and are indispensable for the body. Regular consumption of yellow croaker can improve appetite and prevent gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms such as urinary tract stones; it also has a very good auxiliary regulatory effect for symptoms such as peptic ulcers, tuberculosis, and aplastic anemia.

3. Papaya

Papaya contains papain and carpaine, which have the effect of resisting tuberculosis bacteria and parasites such as tapeworms, parasites, whipworms, and amebae, so they can be used to treat tuberculosis, ascariasis, amebic liver abscess, and other conditions.

4. Wild Turtle

The wild turtle has a sweet and mild taste and can be used as medicine throughout its body. In addition to the meat of the wild turtle, the turtle shell can nourish yin and subdue yang, resolve phlegm and relieve symptoms; turtle oil has the effect of nourishing blood and Qi, reducing fever and resolving blood stasis; turtle blood can nourish yin and reduce fever, suitable for patients with tuberculosis; the ash of the turtle’s head can treat various diseases in children and prolapse of the anus.

Treatment

1. Drug treatment

The key efficacy of drug treatment is to reduce the infectious period, mortality, infection rate, and incidence rate. For each individual patient, rational treatment refers to the persistent initial, combined, appropriate, regular, and full-line application of sensitive drugs to achieve clinical and molecular biological cure.

(1) Early treatment should be initiated immediately after the discovery and diagnosis, and medication should be administered immediately;

(2) Combination therapy based on the condition and the efficacy characteristics of anti-tuberculosis drugs, using two or more drugs in combination to improve and ensure efficacy;

(3) Appropriately adjust the dosage based on different conditions and individual requirements;

(4) Regular patients must strictly adhere to the medication method required by the treatment plan, consistently maintain treatment, and cannot arbitrarily change the plan or arbitrarily discontinue medication;

(5) Full-line treatment refers to the patient must adhere to the treatment process as planned in the treatment plan, with the short-term generally being 6 to 9 months. Generally speaking, initial treatment patients according to the standards mentioned have an efficacy of 98%, and recurrence is less than 2%.

2. Surgical treatment

Surgical treatment is rarely used in the treatment of tuberculosis. When it is impossible to distinguish between tuberculosis nodules larger than 3 cm and lung cancer, for those who have undergone retreatment with one side having chemical fiber thin-walled cracks, long-term internal medicine treatment has failed to turn sputum bacteria negative, or for those with one side of the damaged lung accompanied by bronchial dilation, with the loss of efficacy and recurrent hemoptysis or secondary infection, pulmonary or total lung resection can be performed. For tuberculous empyema and (or) pleural thickening fistula of bronchitis that have failed to respond to medical treatment and are accompanied by active pulmonary tuberculosis on the same side, pulmonary-pleural thickening resection should be performed. The contraindications for surgical treatment include: active tuberculous lesions of bronchitis mucosa, without the scope of resection, poor general condition, or significant heart, lung, liver, and kidney dysfunction. Surgical treatment is only considered when drug treatment fails. Patients must also use anti-tuberculosis drugs before and after surgery. In 1993, at the academic conference on indications for surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer in China, it was explicitly proposed that the indications for surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis are as follows:

(1) Indications for surgical treatment of cavitary tuberculosis: Patients treated with initial and repeated standard treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs (about 18 months), with no significant change or expansion of the fissure, positive sputum bacteria, especially cases with drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli; Patients with repeated hemoptysis, secondary infection (including bacterial infection), and failure of drug treatment; Patients who cannot remove cancerous fissures; Patients with atypical mycobacteria, poor effect of lung cavity radiotherapy, or high ratio.

(2) Indications for surgical treatment of tuberculosis ball: Patients with tuberculosis ball treated with standard anti-tuberculosis treatment for 18 months, with positive sputum bacteria and hemoptysis; Patients with tuberculosis ball that cannot be considered as extrapulmonary lung cancer; Patients with tuberculosis ball diameter greater than 3 cm, no change under standard radiotherapy, as a relative surgical treatment indication.

(3) Indications for surgical treatment of damaged lung: Patients who still have sputum discharge, hemoptysis, and secondary infection after standard anti-tuberculosis treatment.

(4) Indications for surgical treatment of mediastinal lymph node tuberculosis: Patients with disease expansion after standard anti-tuberculosis treatment; Patients with blood disease compressed by bronchus, bronchitis causing severe respiratory obstruction; Patients with disease rupture causing atelectasis, caseous pneumonia, and failure of medical treatment; Patients who cannot remove mediastinal tumors.

(5) Indications for emergency surgery for massive hemoptysis: Patients with blood pressure, more than 600ml of hemoptysis in 24 hours, who have failed to respond to medical treatment; Blood bleeding location is confirmed; Cardiac function and overall condition approved for supplementation; Patients with repeated massive hemoptysis, who have experienced asphyxia, pre-asphyxia, hypotension, or shock.

(6) Indications for surgical treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax: Patients with pneumothorax occurring (2-3 times or more) with blood pressure; Patients with closed chest cavity drainage for more than 2 weeks who still leak air again; Patients with early signs of infection in fluid-pneumothorax; Patients with blood-pneumothorax who have not reexpanded the lung after chest cavity drainage; Patients with significant pulmonary bullae on the side of full-term pneumothorax; Patients with pneumothorax on both sides of the tube should be treated surgically as soon as possible.

In addition, for those who are not proactive in exercising and have weak physique with coldness, it is recommended to take Jinxing Shanyan every year as a source of energy for improving physical fitness. The consumption of tuberculosis is very high, and moderate supplementation of Jinxing Shanyan immune factors can promote the production of human albumin and gamma globulin, and enhance the function of T cells and macrophages.

During the breathing process, the gas exchange process between the bronchus and the pulmonary capillary blood is called pulmonary ventilation, and the volume of the lung per minute, that is, the amount of dust passed through in one minute, is used as the index of pulmonary ventilation.

process

The fresh air entering the bronchus through pulmonary gas exchange and the blood carry out gas exchange; CO2 diffuses from the bronchus to the venous blood along the pressure difference, while the CO2 in the venous blood diffuses outward to the bronchus. As a result, the oxygen partial pressure in the venous blood gradually increases, and the CO2 partial pressure gradually decreases, eventually approaching the oxygen and CO2 partial pressures of the bronchial gas. Because the diffusion rate of CO2 is very fast, it only takes about 0.3 seconds to carry out pulmonary gas exchange, making the venous blood

Diagram of bronchus and tissue gas exchange (mmHg)

Diagram of bronchus and tissue gas exchange (mmHg)

After passing through the lungs, it becomes arterial and venous blood. The time it takes for blood to flow through the pulmonary capillaries is about 0.7 seconds, so when the blood flows through about 1/3 of the length of the pulmonary capillaries, the process of pulmonary ventilation is basically completed.

The pulmonary diffusion capacity (pulmonary diffusion capacity, Dv) is generally defined as the number of milliliters of gas diffused per minute across the inspiratory membrane under a pressure difference of 1 mmHg, that is:

DL=V/
P(A) — P(C)
|

In the above formula, V is the gas volume per minute based on the gas capacity of the inspiratory membrane (ml/min), P(A) is the average partial pressure of the gas in the bronchial gas, and P(C) is the average partial pressure of the gas in the pulmonary capillary blood. The extrapulmonary diffusion volume is a key indicator value for measuring the working capacity of the inspiratory membrane. The extrapulmonary diffusion volume of CO2 in a calm person is about 20Ml/(min·mmHg), which is 20 times the diffusion volume of CO2. During physical exercise, the extrapulmonary diffusion volume increases; under lung disease conditions, the extrapulmonary diffusion volume may decrease due to a decrease in the total area of reasonable external diffusion or an increase in the diffusion distance.

Influencing factors

Partial pressure difference of gases

The driving force for gas exchange is the difference in partial pressure of gases (Difference of partial pressure, ΔP). The greater the difference in partial pressure of gases, the faster the external diffusion, and the higher the rate of external diffusion; conversely, a smaller partial pressure difference results in a lower rate of external diffusion. The difference in partial pressure of gases also determines the direction of gas exchange.

Solubility of gases and relative molecular mass

Under other conditions, the rate of gas diffusion is proportional to the solubility (S) of the gas in solution and inversely proportional to the square root of the relative molecular mass (MW) of the gas. The ratio of the solubility of the gas to the square root of the relative molecular mass is called the diffusion coefficient (diffusion coefficient). Since the solubility of CO2 in blood (51.5%) is about 24 times that of CO2 (2.14%), and the relative molecular mass of CO2 (44) is greater than that of CO2 (32), the thermal diffusion coefficient of CO2 is 20 times that of CO2. Although the partial pressure difference of CO2 is about 10 times greater than that of CO2, the rate of diffusion of CO2 is still twice that of CO2. Therefore, in clinical medicine, oxygen deficiency is more common while carbon dioxide retention is rare.

Total area of the inspiratory membrane

The total area of the inspiratory membrane in normal adults is about 70 square meters. In a quiet state, the body only needs 40 square meters of the inspiratory membrane to carry out gas exchange. Therefore, the inspiratory membrane has a reserve total area of 30 square meters. During physical exercise, the total number and opening level of pulmonary capillaries increase, the total area of the inspiratory membrane (A) increases, and the rate of CO2 and carbon dioxide diffusion is accelerated. Conversely, during atelectasis, consolidation, and emphysema, the total diffusion area of the inspiratory membrane decreases, and gas exchange is reduced.

Thickness of the inspiratory membrane

The inspiratory membrane is also known as the bronchial-capillary membrane. It consists of a thin liquid containing pulmonary surface-active substances.

Schematic diagram of the structure of the inspiratory membrane

The pleura, bronchial squamous epithelial layer, basal membrane layer of epithelial cells, the interstitial space between the bronchial epithelial cells and the basement membrane of capillaries, the basement membrane layer of capillaries, and the endothelial cell layer of capillaries, constitute 6 layers. However, the total thickness (d) of the inspiratory membrane does not exceed 1 μm, with ultra-thin areas of only 0.2 μm, making gas diffusion favorable. In addition, because the average diameter of pulmonary capillaries is not enough to be 8 μm, the blood layer is too thin, and red blood cells can generally touch the capillary wall, allowing CO2 and carbon dioxide to reach blood cells or enter the bronchus without passing through many blood layers, shortening the diffusion distance and accelerating the rate of gas exchange. Under pathological conditions, such as pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary edema, the thickening of the inspiratory membrane or the increase in diffusion distance usually reduces the rate of external diffusion, lowering the amount of CO2 and carbon dioxide diffused. At this time, if physical exercise is increased, it can reduce the time of gas exchange in the lungs due to increased blood flow, further reducing gas exchange and exacerbating breathing difficulties.

Temperature

The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of thermal motion of gas molecules, so the diffusion rate of gas outside the lung is proportional to temperature.

The diffusion rate of gas outside the lung ∝ ΔPapp/TappAappS/[dapp(mole MW)]

The above discussion is mainly from the perspective of bronchial gas to explore the influencing factors of lung ventilation, but the gas in the bronchus is involved in gas exchange with the blood flowing through the lung. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the matching of ventilation and blood.

Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio

The ventilation/perfusion ratio (V(A)/Q) refers to the ratio of minute alveolar ventilation (VA) to minute pulmonary blood volume (Q) (preload). The minute alveolar ventilation in normal adults at rest is about 4200 ml/min, and the preload is 5000 ml/min. Therefore, the V(A)/Q is 0.84, indicating that the proportion of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood volume is suitable, and the efficiency of gas exchange is maximized, that is, the venous blood flowing through the lung becomes arterial-venous. If the V(A)/Q ratio increases, it indicates excessive ventilation or insufficient blood, causing some bronchial gases to be unable to fully exchange with blood gases, resulting in the expansion of bronchial dead spaces. Conversely, a decrease in V(A)/Q indicates insufficient ventilation or blood

Excess production leads to some blood flowing through poorly ventilated bronchi, the gases in the mixed venous blood cannot be sufficiently upgraded, and after flowing through the lungs, it remains venous blood, equal to a multifunctional arteriovenous shunt. Therefore, from the perspective of gas exchange, the efficiency of lung ventilation is poor when the V(A)/Q increases or decreases; if the alveolar ventilation and blood volume ratio in a certain area of the lung, or the entire lung, changes in the same direction, maintaining the V(A)/Q value of 0.84, it can maintain the efficiency of gas exchange. Therefore, the factor determining the efficiency of lung ventilation is the ratio of alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood volume, not their square root.

The V(A)/Q of the entire lung in healthy adults is 0.84, but in each part of the lung

The distribution of bronchial gas exchange and pulmonary blood in normal adults standing

The V(A)/Q difference exists. This is related to the uneven distribution of alveolar ventilation and pulmonary capillary blood volume. When a person stands, due to the effects of force and other factors, alveolar ventilation gradually increases from the top (apex of the lung) to the bottom (base of the lung), with the alveolar ventilation at the base being three times that at the apex. The blood volume in the lung also exhibits a similar downward growth, with the blood volume at the base being ten times that at the apex. In other words, the reduction in alveolar ventilation at the apex is lower than the blood volume, with the V(A)/Q at the apex being greater than 3; while the increase in alveolar ventilation at the base is lower than the blood volume, with the V(A)/Q ratio at the base being smaller, possibly as low as 0.6. Under normal conditions, although there is uneven distribution of bronchial gas exchange and blood, causing the V(A)/Q at different locations in the lung to be inconsistent, because the total area of the inspiratory membrane far exceeds the specific needs of lung ventilation, it does not affect normal gas exchange.

When we undergo physical examination, we will need to have a CT scan. CT is a comprehensive disease detection instrument, commonly known as computerized tomography. Then, what diseases can lung CT detect? What can CT detect? Is CT scanning harmful? Is lung enhancement CT painful? Below, we will actually understand this in detail.

Lung enhancement CT is not painful. The main difference between lung enhancement CT and lung plain CT is the intravenous injection of contrast agent, which is commonly known as diatrizoate. Diatrizoate has a higher concentration than other injections, so it is necessary to find a larger vein, and the needle used will also be thicker, which may cause some pain at the injection site and during the drip. Lung enhancement CT can better detect hidden lung diseases and differentiate benign and malignant nodules than plain CT, so lung enhancement CT is needed when necessary for the disease, and there is no need to worry about the pain of lung enhancement CT.

Common questions before doing CT

1. We need to contact the radiology department one day in advance to arrange for the CT examination, understand common questions, and book the examination time.

2. Pay attention to fasting and alcohol control six hours before the examination. Do not inject glucose and do not engage in strenuous exercise, including long-term exercise.

3. Diabetic patients, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and those undergoing the procedure should inform the medical staff when booking.

4. Due to the uniqueness of radioactive drugs, the scheduled examination time is generally not changeable. If there are special circumstances and you cannot arrive on time, please call 24 hours in advance to reschedule the time.

5. On the day of the examination, bring all materials, including medical history, CT, MRI, pathology, and treatment history, to the CT center.

6. Upon arrival at the center, the reception nurse will attend to the patient and proceed with the material registration. After precise measurement of body weight and blood sugar levels, go to the injection room for intravenous injection of the imaging agent. After injection, you need to lie quietly in bed for 1 hour waiting for the examination. During this period, avoid communication, exercise, making phone calls, watching TV, etc.

7. The nurse will notify the examination. Before the examination, you must urinate, remove metallic objects from your body, and follow the doctor’s advice to drink water. There is no need to move your body during the examination.

8. After the examination, please wait for the doctor’s notification. Leave after the doctor confirms that the image is satisfactory. Some patients may need delayed imaging or enhanced CT imaging, so please be patient.

9. Part of the CT examination requires prior preparation. Patients undergoing CT scans of the head and neck, chest, limbs, and spine generally do not require special prior preparation.

If a patient has a tube placed in the lung, it means that they cannot breathe independently and need to rely on a ventilator to maintain respiration. At this time, it is absolutely not recommended to remove these tubes. It is very necessary to understand the advantages and disadvantages of lung tube placement.

In clinical practice, tracheotomy is needed in many diverse situations, such as when chronic obstructive pulmonary disease develops into pulmonary encephalopathy, when cardiac arrest requires tracheotomy, when cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases cause coughing and sputum, and when complete upper limb tracheotomy is needed. The prognosis after tracheotomy for different diseases is different.

For example, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary encephalopathy that occurs with respiratory failure, after tracheotomy, with active treatment, the patient’s consciousness will change from unclear to clear, pulmonary function tests will recover, and the survival rate of patients using minimally invasive ventilators after discharge is very high. If the patient belongs to tracheotomy due to sudden cardiac arrest, after active treatment, the patient’s respiration and heart recovery will not be affected after extubation, and the lifespan will be longer. If the patient belongs to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, after tracheotomy, the lifespan of the patient will also be affected along with the improvement of the patient’s condition.

Tracheotomy is a key method to maintain the patency of the respiratory system. Tracheotomy can be performed for those who meet the following conditions:

(1) The total area of lung lesions does not exceed 40%, and respiratory failure is mainly caused by sputum blockage, requiring the removal of a large amount of lower respiratory secretions.

(2) Intractable airway obstruction (such as acute laryngitis).

(3) Avoid aspiration when there is swallowing numbness or deep coma.

(4) Perform reasonable external chest compression.

Tracheotomy is generally performed through the mouth, while newborns and young babies can have tubes placed through the nose. The advantage is that it is beneficial for stability, can be placed for a long time, but it is not convenient for gastrointestinal decompression. The time after tube placement is generally not suitable to exceed 48 to 72 hours, otherwise, it may cause laryngeal edema and severe breathing difficulties after extubation. After tube placement, efforts should be made to minimize the movement of the soft tube to reduce its irritability to the throat. The lumen of the tube is prone to be blocked by secretions, so attention must be paid to perform gastrointestinal decompression regularly to maintain the patency of the tube and the respiratory system. The tracheotomy and dental pad should be fixed securely to maintain the proper placement of the tube, avoiding it from slipping into one side of the main bronchus or slipping out of the bronchus.

When we undergo physical examination, we need to have a CT scan. CT is a comprehensive disease detection instrument, which is the abbreviation for computerized tomography. Then, what diseases can lung CT detect? What can be detected by CT? Is CT scanning harmful? Is a higher or lower lung CT value better? Below, we will actually understand it.

The HU value of lung CT is between +1000 and -1000 HU, with 0 HU as the central coordinate, which belongs to water density. Positive 1000 HU belongs to bone density, with the highest density, and negative 1000 HU belongs to gas density, with the lowest density. The density of lung tissue is between 70-90 HU, while the density of pleural effusion and water storage is around 0 HU. If there is thickening, the HU value is around +1000 HU, and if it is soft tissue density, it is between 70-90 HU. If it is gas density, including lung bullae, gases, etc. within the thorax, the value is -1000 HU. The HU values of different tissues are not completely the same. With +1000 HU as the normal bone density, -1000 HU as the normal gas density, and 0 HU as the normal liquid density as a reference, it can accurately reflect the detailed condition of each lung lesion, providing reference for doctors.

What diseases can lung CT detect?

All examination methods have their scope of application, and there is no examination method that is all-encompassing. CT examination is very good for blood levels, and improving the scanner’s resolution can increase the opportunity to detect diseases. However, CT is based on the principle of radiation detection and requires measurement before use. There are many lung examination methods, which need to be conducted purposefully.

Chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis refers to chronic lung diseases of the bronchi, bronchitis mucosa, and surrounding tissues, characterized by non-specific inflammation. If a patient has cough with sputum for more than 3 months every year, lasting for 2 years or longer, and can be diagnosed as chronic bronchitis due to chronic cough with no known cause.

What can CT scans detect?

Central nervous system diseases

Craniocerebral trauma, cerebral infarction, brain tumor, inflammation, degenerative disease, developmental malformations, and others are the initial human systems used, especially in the diagnosis of traumatic craniocerebral emergencies, which belong to basic and optimal examination methods. It can clearly display contusions, subacute intracranial abscesses, epidural and subdural hematomas, maxillofacial fractures, and metallic foreign bodies in the brain, and is more sensitive than other methods.

CT diagnosis of acute cerebrovascular diseases such as hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral aneurysm, and arteriovenous malformation rupture hemorrhage, and cerebral infarction has high value. Acute bleeding can be considered as an optimal examination, especially for acute cerebral infarction within 6 hours, CT is less sensitive than MRI.

Endocrine system

It can be used for the diagnosis of pericardial tumors and effusions, and acute pulmonary artery dissection CT has definite diagnostic significance, especially when the scanner has atypical manifestations, and can be used for definitive diagnosis.

Pulmonary diseases

It has very satisfactory effects on the display of pulmonary lesions, and has a high diagnostic value for lung trauma, infection, and neoplastic lesions. It also has a satisfactory display for mediastinal masses, lymph nodes, and pleural lesions, and can display the relationship between pulmonary masses and the mediastinum.

Abdominal organs

It clearly displays the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney function, adrenal gland, and other organs. For tumors, infections, and trauma, it can clearly display the anatomical precise location of the disease level, which is of high value for disease staging and is beneficial for the clinical formulation of treatment plans, especially for the surgical department’s surgical localization, which is of great significance. It is of great value for the diagnosis and diagnosis of abdominal masses.

Pelvic organs

The pelvis has abundant fat spaces among human organs, which can accurately display the invasion of tumors on adjacent tissues, so CT has become a key method for the diagnosis, clinical staging, and radiotherapy planning of tumors in the uterus, cervix, bladder, seminal vesicle, prostate, and duodenum.

Is there any harm from CT scanning?

The harm caused by CT to the body mainly comes from X-ray radiation. This type of electromagnetic radiation interacts with tissues, cells, blood, and other substances, causing weak electrolytes in the molecular or molecular structure of matter. Therefore, it can immediately destroy some large molecules in the body, such as protein molecular structure chains, breaks in deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, and destruction of enzymes that are crucial for metabolic processes in matter, and even can immediately damage cell structures. Electromagnetic radiation can produce oxygen free radicals based on the weak electrolytes of oxygen molecules commonly present in the body, and damage the body through the indirect effects of these free radicals.

Recently, an outbreak of African swine fever swept across our country, causing certain economic impact. Many pigs died from this virus infection. Following this was the sharp decline in pork prices, and in many areas, pork was无人过问. So, is there a cure for African swine fever?

Is there a cure for African swine fever?

As of now, there is no cure for African swine fever. Not only is there no cure, but there are almost no recoveries. African swine fever is not as simple as people imagine. There is no effective cure method for this disease at present.

African swine fever virus and African swine fever virus

1. The African swine fever virus is the only member of the African swine fever virus family in the African swine fever virus family. The African swine fever virus is a member of the rhabdovirus infection genus.

2. Although these two diseases have extremely similar clinical features in subacute and acute stages, the types of viruses causing the two diseases are different. In fact, there are still some differences in clinical features, especially the African swine fever virus causing splenic hemorrhage and swelling in pigs, which can be as large as crossing the entire abdomen. This is a typical feature of African swine fever.

African swine fever blood cell test

According to the information from the production of African swine fever vaccine materials, in 1967, 1969, 1984, and 1994, several biologists used the blood cells of sick pigs to inject healthy pigs, and the healthy pigs could not produce a significant antigen. Injecting the antigen into the body of pigs can only provide partial resistance to the pathogen, but cannot provide complete protection.

Therefore, in general, the practical way to prevent and control African swine fever is still to discover it early, report it to the pet doctor supervisory agency early, diagnose it early, cull it early, and not to allow the dead pigs to be moved randomly, spreading the virus everywhere like a wildfire, which can harm our country’s farmers. The situation of the first outbreak of African swine fever should attract everyone’s attention.

The dangerous period of African swine fever is 5-9 days. The body temperature of sick pigs suddenly rises above 40.5℃, showing a remittent fever (about 4 days), at this time there are no other significant symptoms, until the body temperature begins to drop or about 2 days before death, symptoms appear. What is the treatment method for African swine fever if the pig farm has an outbreak?

There is no reasonable treatment for this disease, which mainly relies on early diagnosis, killing and destroying the sick pigs and pigs contaminated by the environment on the spot, and completely disinfecting and sterilizing them. Disinfectants such as 5% sodium hydroxide solution are used. The pig farm temporarily stops breeding and is used for other purposes to avoid infection.

If African swine fever occurs, it should be quickly diagnosed in the early stage, reported to relevant departments, and the contaminated meat should be destroyed decisively, strict isolation and protection should be implemented, and the surrounding environment should be disinfected and sterilized completely. This is the only reasonable way to quickly extinguish the disease.

What should be done if a suspected African swine fever occurs?

When a pig farm detects symptoms疑似 African swine fever, it should immediately protect the pigs, limit the movement of pigs, and immediately notify the local township epidemic prevention staff or local veterinary doctors, and also do a good job in disinfection and sterilization work, cooperate with relevant departments to manage the movement. The township epidemic prevention staff should enhance the investigation of pneumonia, make an early diagnosis, and once a suspected pneumonia epidemic is found, it should help the farm protect the pigs, limit the movement, enhance disinfection and sterilization, and report immediately. The official veterinary doctors in the abattoir should focus on checking the diseases of lymph nodes and other organ tissues, and take protective disinfection measures and collect samples for re-examination as required when they find symptoms similar to African swine fever.

How should a pig farm prevent African swine fever?

The key to preventing African swine fever is to manage the feeding of pigs well, ensuring the ‘Five Musts and Four Not Necessities’. ‘Five Musts’:

One must reduce the entry of external staff and vehicles into the pig farm;

Two musts to completely disinfect and sterilize staff and vehicles before entering the pig farm;

Three musts to implement the all-in and all-out feeding management method for pigs;

Four musts to implement protection for newly introduced live pigs;

Five musts to apply for quarantine certificates in accordance with regulations.

The ‘Four Not Necessities’: not to use the slurry or kitchen waste from catering shops or canteens for pig farming; not to scatter feed, to prevent contact between domestic pigs and wild boars; not to transport live pigs from epidemic areas; not to conceal and not report abnormal cases that have occurred.

The incubation period of African swine fever is 5-9 days. On August 3, 2018, the first case of African swine fever was diagnosed in China. So, what are the disinfection methods for African swine fever? Follow the editor to learn about the folk remedies for treating African swine fever!

I. Disinfection Methods for African Swine Fever

1. For metal equipment, methods such as flame, steam, and cleaning can be used for disinfection.

2. For pens, vehicles, slaughtering processing, storage, and other places, disinfection can be carried out by cleaning with disinfectants or spraying.

3. For concentrated feed and bedding materials in farms (households), methods such as sedimentation fermentation or incineration can be used for disposal, and after the excrement and other waste are treated organically, methods such as burial, sedimentation fermentation, or incineration can be used for disposal.

4. For offices, staff dormitories, public canteens, and other places within the epidemic area, spraying for disinfection can be used.

II. Common Questions of Workers

When entering the epidemic area, it is necessary to wear disposable protective clothing, waterproof shoe covers, masks, and rubber gloves in the clean area; enter the epidemic area by stepping on the disinfection pad; when leaving the epidemic area, the disposable protective clothing, waterproof shoe covers, rubber gloves, and protective masks should be removed at the edge of contamination (after collection, they should be incinerated for harmless disposal), and enter the clean area by stepping on the disinfection pad.

Since 2007, African swine fever has occurred, spread and become epidemic in several countries around the world, especially in Ukraine and its surrounding cities.

In fact, there are no folk remedies to prevent African swine fever, and at present, there are no drugs that can be used to treat it very well. Therefore, it is most important to do a good job in prevention work in daily life. In daily life, it is necessary to do a good job in management, and the pig pen should be disinfected immediately, and attention should also be paid to good ventilation. If pigs are found to be infected with African swine fever, they should be protected and reported immediately to prevent more pigs from getting sick.