Subungual exostosis

　　The etiology is still unclear. Subungual exostosis (subungualexostosis) is a solitary fibrous and bony nodule, occasionally also seen at the ends of other toes, especially the small toe. This disease mainly occurs in women aged 12 to 30. Shoe pressure can cause severe pain. Diagnosis requires X-ray films to confirm.

　　In addition to general symptoms, it may also cause other diseases. This disease occasionally may secondary to chondrosarcoma. The disease can affect the patient's daily life and harm the patient's health, so it is necessary to treat it in a timely manner. It should attract the high attention of clinical doctors and patients.

　　Subungual exostosis (subungualexostosis) is a solitary fibrous and bony nodule, protruding from the distal end of the subungual phalanx, most commonly seen in the big toe, occasionally also seen at the ends of other toes, especially the small toe. This disease mainly occurs in women aged 12 to 30. The initial damage is a small pale red prominence slightly beyond the free edge of the lateral nail plate, the nail plate above becomes brittle and cracked or falls off, exposing the tumor to grow upwards and distally beyond the position of the nail plate, the maximum diameter can reach 8mm. Shoe pressure can cause severe pain. Diagnosis requires X-ray films to confirm.

　　Referring to the preventive methods of general tumor health search, understanding the risk factors of tumor health search, and formulating corresponding prevention and treatment strategies can reduce the risk of tumor occurrence. There are two basic clues for preventing tumor occurrence: even if tumors have already started to form in the body, they can also help the body improve its resistance. These strategies are described as follows:

　　1. Avoiding the invasion of harmful substances (carcinogenic factors) is to help us avoid or minimize contact with harmful substances.

　 　Some related factors of tumor occurrence can be prevented before onset. Many cancers can be prevented before they form. A report from the United States in 1988 compared the international situation of malignant tumors in detail and proposed that the external factors of many known malignant tumors are preventable in principle, that is, about 80% of malignant tumors can be prevented by simple lifestyle changes. Continuing to trace back to the research summary made by Dr. Higginson in 1969, it is concluded that 90% of malignant tumors are caused by environmental factors. 'Environmental factors' and 'lifestyle' refer to the air we breathe, the water we drink, the habits of the food we choose to make, and social relationships, etc.

　　2. Improving the body's immune system against tumors can help improve and strengthen the body's immune system in the fight against tumors. The focus of our current cancer prevention and treatment work should first be on improving those factors closely related to our lives, such as quitting smoking, eating a balanced diet, regular exercise, and weight loss. Anyone who adheres to these simple and reasonable lifestyle knowledge can reduce the chance of getting cancer.

　 　3. The most important thing to improve immune function is diet, exercise, and controlling stress. A healthy lifestyle choice can help us stay away from cancer. Maintaining a good emotional state and appropriate physical exercise can keep the body's immune system in the best state, which is also beneficial for preventing tumors and other diseases. Moreover, research shows that appropriate activity not only enhances the human immune system but also reduces the incidence of colorectal cancer by increasing the peristalsis of the human intestinal system. Here, we mainly recognize some issues related to diet in the prevention of tumor occurrence.

　　4. Epidemiological studies in humans and animal experiments show that vitamin A plays an important role in reducing the risk of cancer. Vitamin A supports normal mucous membranes and vision, and it directly or indirectly participates in the functions of most tissues in the body. Vitamin A exists in animal tissues such as liver, whole eggs, and whole milk, and it exists in plants in the form of beta-carotene and carotenoids, which can be converted into vitamin A in the human body. Overconsumption of vitamin A can cause adverse reactions in the body, whereas beta-carotene and carotenoids do not have this phenomenon. An increased risk of malignant tumors is associated with low vitamin A levels in the blood. Studies have shown that people with low levels of vitamin A intake in the blood are more likely to develop lung cancer, and for smokers, the risk of lung cancer is doubled for those with low levels of vitamin A intake in the blood. Vitamin A and its mixtures can help clear free radicals in the body (free radicals can cause damage to genetic material), and secondly, they can stimulate the immune system and help differentiate cells within the body to form orderly tissues (while tumors are characterized by disordered growth). Some theories suggest that vitamin A can help reverse the mutated cells that are early attacked by carcinogens, making them normal cells again.

　　5. Additionally, some studies suggest that simply supplementing with beta-carotene drugs does not reduce the risk of cancer; on the contrary, it slightly increases the incidence of lung cancer. However, when beta-carotene is combined with vitamin C, E, and other anti-toxin substances, its protective effect becomes evident. The reason is that it can also increase the free radicals in the body when it is consumed itself. Moreover, there are interactions between different vitamins. Studies in both humans and rats have shown that the use of beta-carotene can reduce the level of vitamin E in the body by 40%. A safer strategy is to eat a variety of foods to maintain a balance of vitamins to resist the invasion of cancer, because some protective factors have not been discovered yet.

　　Vitamin C and E are another type of antitumor substance, which can prevent the harm of carcinogens in food such as nitrosamines. Vitamin C can protect sperm from genetic damage and reduce the risk of leukemia, kidney cancer, and brain tumor in offspring. Vitamin E can reduce the risk of skin cancer. Vitamin E has antitumor effects like vitamin C and is a scavenger of toxins and free radicals. The combined application of vitamin A, C, and E has a better protective effect on the body against toxins than their separate application.

　　At the time of diagnosis, in addition to relying on clinical manifestations, auxiliary examinations are also needed. X-ray films of the disease are helpful for diagnosis. The disease seriously affects the daily life of patients, so it should be actively prevented. It should attract the high attention of clinical doctors and patients.

　　Diet should be light. For the first few days after surgery, diet should be adjusted according to personal condition, mainly in the form of liquid and semi-liquid foods. Eating more high-protein foods is beneficial to wound recovery. Supplementing a variety of vitamins, eating more fresh vegetables and fruits. It is advisable to eat more foods rich in protein such as various lean meats, milk, eggs, etc.

　　Generally, no treatment is required. If the tumor is large, grows rapidly, or affects function, consideration should be given to excision. The excision range should be wider, including the normal bone tissue around the tumor base to avoid missing and causing recurrence.

　　Firstly, the principle of treatment

　　1. For small tumors that stop growing after development, most tumors do not require special treatment.

　　2. If there is local discomfort, the tumor is large and compresses surrounding tissues to produce symptoms, or the tumor continues to grow after development stops, timely surgical resection should be performed. During resection, the fibrous capsule, cartilage cap, tumor body, and part of the normal bone tissue at the base should be resected together with the osteochondroma.

　　3. Pathological examination should be performed after tumor resection.

　　Secondly, the principle of medication

　　1. For small tumors that stop growing after development, no medication is needed.

　　2. For those who need surgery, penicillin and gentamicin can be used before and after surgery to prevent infection. The duration is 3-5 days.

　　3. If paraplegia occurs due to tumor, medication should be added for spinal cord and nerve injury.