The structures entering and exiting the renal hilum are encapsulated by connective tissue and called the renal pedicle, including renal arteries, veins, renal pelvis, lymphatic vessels, and nerves, collectively known as the renal pedicle. The renal hilum, located in the central concave mark on the lateral edge of the kidney function, is the position where the renal vessels, renal pelvis, nerves, and lymphatic vessels enter and exit. The renal arteries, veins, renal pelvis, lymphatic vessels, and nerves entering and exiting the renal hilum are encapsulated by connective tissue and called the renal pedicle. The arrangement of structures within the renal pedicle, from front to back, is: renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis; from top to bottom: renal artery, renal vein, and renal pelvis.

Anatomical structure of the renal pedicle

1. The renal hilum, renal hilum, is the central concave mark on the lateral edge of the kidney, where the renal vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and renal pelvis enter and exit, known as the renal hilum. The structures entering and exiting the renal hilum are encapsulated by connective tissue and called the renal pedicle. Since the inferior vena cava is close to the right kidney, the right renal pedicle is shorter than the left renal pedicle. The arrangement of structures within the renal pedicle, from front to back, is: renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis tail end; from top to bottom: renal artery, renal vein, and renal pelvis. The凹痕 extending from the renal hilum into the renal parenchyma is called the renal sinus, occupied by renal vessels, renal minor calices, renal major calices, renal pelvis, and human fat, etc. The renal hilum is the mouth of the renal sinus, and the renal sinus is the continuation of the renal hilum. The kidney protrudes forward on both sides in front, is close to the posterior abdominal wall at the back, wide and thin at the top, narrow and thick at the bottom, with a length of 9.9cm (8-14cm), a width of 5.9cm (5-7cm), and a thickness of 4cm (3-5cm), weighing approximately 134-148g. The renal hilum is approximately at the level of the first intervertebral disc, equivalent to the anterior end of the 9th costal cartilage in terms of height-width ratio, and is about 5cm on either side of the central line. The skin projection. In the lumbar and dorsal region, the skin projection point of the renal hilum is at the junction of the erector spinae muscle margin and the 12th rib, approximately at the level of the first intervertebral disc, 5cm from the central line, known as the renal region. Patients with kidney disease may experience pain when touching and tapping this point.

2. The renal artery (renal artery) has one on each side, vertically separated from the abdominal aorta, and emerges 1-2 cm below the superior mesenteric aorta between the 1st and 2nd intervertebral discs, entering the left and right kidneys through the renal hilum. The starting and ending parts of the left renal artery are usually higher than those of the right renal artery. The branches of the renal artery are interlobar arteries, which traverse the renal columns, ascending to the junction of the cortex and medulla to produce an arch-shaped aorta parallel to the renal surface. From the arch-shaped aorta, small interlobar arteries branch out to the cortex. The interlobar arteries branch out to capillaries, which in turn supply the glomeruli with arterial blood vessels, forming a spherical capillary network after entering the renal capsule. These then converge into efferent glomerular arteries. Around the renal tubules, capillaries are again produced, known as the postglomerular capillary network, which finally converge into interlobar veins. Part of the aorta of the renal medulla arises from the arch-shaped aorta, and part arises from the efferent glomerular arteries or interlobar arteries near the medulla. Most of these arteries are parallel to the short axis of the renal pelvis and are called straight arteries. The branches of the straight arteries form a capillary network, which then converges into straight small veins, entering the arch veins, interlobar veins, and finally converging into the renal vein, which exits the kidney through the renal hilum and enters the inferior vena cava. The renal artery is both the nutrient and functional blood vessel of the kidney, closely related to the kidney’s urinary function. The renal blood volume is large, averaging 1000-1200 ml/min, accounting for 20-25% of the preload. The renal artery produces 2 capillary networks within the renal parenchyma: the renal tubular capillary network, which has a higher blood pressure and is conducive to the filtration of blood to produce urine; and the postglomerular capillary network, which has a lower blood pressure and is conducive to the catabolism of renal tubular damage.

3. The renal vein originates from the renal hilum and crosses laterally in front of the同名aorta to enter the inferior vena cava, crossing in front of the abdominal aorta and accepting the left renal vein and the left male testicle (uterus and ovary) veins.

4. The renal pelvis is part of the kidney’s function, a conical cystic substance, and is connected to the ureteric tube below. Its function is to concentrate the combined damage of the renal tubules of all renal units, to concentrate all the urine produced, and then pass it into the ureter connected to the renal pelvis, where it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder, and finally excreted outside the body. Simply put, the renal pelvis is used to concentrate urine.