The pulmonary artery is the thickest aorta in the human body, extending from the left atrium of the heart, arching upwards and to the right before descending slightly, then along the spine downward, and separating into many smaller aortas within the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The pulmonary artery is the key conduit that transports blood to all parts of the body. It is also known as the aorta.

Anatomical structure:

1, Pulmonary artery:

The main trunk of the systemic aorta, all the aortas in the body originate directly or indirectly from the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery rises from the left atrium, ascends to the right side in front, turns to the left posterior side at the height of the second costal cartilage, and then turns downward at the left side of the fourth lumbar vertebral body, running along the front of the spine. It passes through the pulmonary artery foramen of the diaphragm to the abdomen, and then divides into left and right common iliac arteries in front of the fourth intervertebral disc body. The pulmonary artery can be divided into ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending pulmonary artery. Among them, the descending pulmonary artery is divided into pulmonary artery thorax (thoracic aorta) and pulmonary artery abdomen (abdominal aorta). The average diameter of the pulmonary artery at the origin and termination in Chinese people is 2.8 to 3.0 cm.

The pulmonary artery is the main trunk of the systemic aorta, hence the name pulmonary artery, and it is also the largest aorta in the body. It originates from the left atrium and runs from the right side to the left anterior side, forming an arc at the height of the second costal cartilage on the right side, turning to the left posterior side, reaching the left side of the left side of the fourth lumbar vertebral body, and then turning downward, running along the front of the spine to the height of the twelfth lumbar vertebral body, passing through the pulmonary artery foramen of the diaphragm into the abdomen, and then descending along the front of the spine to the height of the fourth intervertebral disc body, dividing into left and right common iliac arteries and a small sacral artery. According to the course and location of the pulmonary artery, it can be divided into three sections: ascending aorta (ascending pulmonary artery), aortic arch, and descending pulmonary artery (descending pulmonary artery). Among them, the descending pulmonary artery is divided into thoracic aorta (pulmonary artery thorax) and abdominal aorta (pulmonary artery abdomen) by the pulmonary artery foramen of the diaphragm.

2, Aorta:

The aorta is a type of blood vessel that transports blood from the heart to various parts of the body, depending on the direction of blood flow inside the blood vessel. The wall of the aorta is composed of the inner layer, middle layer, and outer layer, and is relatively thick. The inner layer is a single-sided flat epithelial cell, smooth on the surface; the middle layer is composed of collagen fibers and smooth muscle; the outer layer is mainly composed of connective tissue. There are two aortas that originate directly from the heart in the body, namely the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary artery. The left atrium is connected to the pulmonary artery, and the right ventricle is connected to the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery sends the deep red venous blood rich in carbon dioxide returned from the body to the lungs from the right ventricle. The pulmonary artery sends the oxygen-rich red arterial blood from the left atrium to the whole body.

According to the diameter size of the artery, the aorta can be divided into three types: large, medium, and small. The middle and high layers of the aorta are thick, with well-developed circular smooth muscle and collagen fibers, which can expand and contract with the adjustment of blood flow and blood pressure; the middle layer of the aorta is thick and smooth; the muscular layer of the artery is relatively thin. Under the control of the vegetative nervous system, the aorta performs a contraction and relaxation exercise, which can adjust blood flow and blood pressure. It is due to the extensibility of the thick wall of the aorta that ensures the continuous fluidity of blood in the blood vessels. The thick wall tissue of the aorta changes with age. The extensibility of the aorta in the elderly decreases, and their ability to adjust blood pressure decreases. Therefore, the blood pressure of people in old age is higher than that in youth.

The aortic sinus, the aortic wall protruding relative to the aortic valve, the inner wall between the heart valve and the pulmonary artery wall, is called the aortic sinus or Valsalva sinus (Val-salvaantrum), commonly known as the Valsalva sinus. The aortic sinus can be divided into left sinus, right sinus, and posterior sinus. The coronary ostia generally open into the aortic sinus. The upper boundary of the aortic sinus is arched.

The left and right coronary arteries respectively open into the left sinus and right sinus, with most openings in the middle third of the sinus. The coronary ostia are also close to the upper boundary of the sinus, so it is not easy to block the coronary ostia when the pulmonary artery extends. The pulmonary artery wall in the aortic sinus area is extremely thin, and it may produce an aortic sinus aneurysm (very common in the right semilunar valve) in some diseases (syphilis endocarditis, atherosclerosis, etc.). When the aneurysm ruptures, it causes communication between the left and right ventricles, thus causing the unique clinical condition of Valsalva sinus aneurysm.

1. Anatomical structure of the aortic sinus:

The aortic sinus is the pulmonary artery lumen corresponding to the aortic valve leaflet at the root of the ascending aorta, which, due to the blood refluxing vortex outward, presents a diverticulum-like bulge, expanding into a cavity upward from the opening formed by three pulmonary artery globes. Its wall expands outward and becomes soft (with an average thickness of 0.73mm), which is only half the thickness of the ascending aorta wall above the pulmonary artery crest (thickness of 1.5mm). When the aortic valve is closed, the structural characteristics of the aortic sinus are beneficial to its outward expansion to alleviate the pressure on the aortic valve. The lower boundary of the aortic sinus is the upper boundary of the aortic valve ring, and the upper boundary is the pulmonary artery crest, which is the starting and ending edge of the pulmonary artery wall.

The height-to-width ratio of the aortic sinus from the base of the valve ring to the top of the junction is about 15mm. The aortic sinus is divided into left sinus, right sinus, and posterior sinus, or according to whether there is a pulmonary artery ostium, into right coronary sinus (commonly known as right coronary sinus), left coronary sinus (commonly known as left coronary sinus), and sinus coronarius (commonly known as non-coronary sinus). The coronary ostia are generally located within the aortic sinus above the pulmonary artery margin.

2. Relationship between the aortic sinus and adjacent structures:

The pulmonary artery root is located at the center of the heart’s management. Below it is the aortic sinus. The aortic sinus is buried at the bottom of the heart and is closely related to all parts of the heart. It is inserted in a cleft shape between the mitral and tricuspid valves, with its base completely buried in the surrounding tissue, and the posterior potential is completely surrounded by the two ventricles.

The left coronary sinus is mostly located at the right side of the left atrium and pulmonary artery root, behind the right ventricular outflow tract, with an upward distance; the posterior side of the non-coronary sinus is adjacent to the right atrium and left atrium; the right coronary sinus is located at the front right, resting on the crest of the interventricular septum. Adjacent to the right atrium and right ventricle, it is close to the right ventricular outflow tract through the conical space, with the majority of the right sinus in the pericardial cavity and a small part near the pulmonary artery sinus.

The development of chalazion on the upper eyelid may be due to acute suppurative infection in the eyelid area. Usually, it can be treated with drugs such as ofloxacin ointment and tobramycin eye drops under the guidance of a doctor, which can have a therapeutic effect.

The upper eyelid may develop chalazion, which can cause pain or swelling in the eyelid area, or even many chalazions at the base of the eyelashes. As the condition worsens, it may also cause the skin around the eyes to feel tender, and there may be pain when blinking. If not treated promptly, it may trigger conjunctival edema. During the treatment period, it is important to rest well, avoid long-term fatigue, and not overuse the eyes or stay up late.

The digestive tract of the body is a very large system, which mainly occupies the upper body, so the digestive tract is divided into the right and left digestive systems in medicine. However, no matter which part of the digestive system is stimulated by external factors, it is easy to cause diseases and lead to gastrointestinal bleeding. And if gastrointestinal bleeding occurs, how should one distinguish between upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding?

The onset location and cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding are different. The onset location of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, upper jejunum, and organs such as the pancreatic duct and common bile duct. The onset location of lower gastrointestinal bleeding is the intestines below the suspensory muscle of the duodenum. Generally, upper gastrointestinal bleeding is caused by diseases such as peptic ulcer, gastritis, and liver disease. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding usually does not have a history of such diseases. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is generally caused by anorectal diseases.

The clinical manifestations of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding are also different. If a patient has hematemesis accompanied by melena, it indicates upper gastrointestinal bleeding. If there is simple hematochezia, it is lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding may cause black stools, tarry stools, and occult blood in urine. While lower gastrointestinal bleeding presents with red pus-like stools. The blood in the stool of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is more, the fecal matter is less, and the blood and excrement are mixed evenly. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding may cause symptoms of bleeding during defecation. The symptoms of upper gastrointestinal bleeding are upper abdominal pain, heartburn, and regurgitation of acid. The symptoms of lower gastrointestinal bleeding are lower abdominal pain, periumbilical pain, and hematochezia.

This is the difference between upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. We firmly believe that with the detailed introduction by the editor, everyone should have a good understanding of the distinction between these two types of gastrointestinal bleeding. Both upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding are very serious gastrointestinal diseases. If gastrointestinal bleeding occurs, the patient should first make a self-determination. It is necessary to make a clear diagnosis before treatment can be carried out. Otherwise, not only will there be no effect, but it may also worsen the condition.

Typhoid fever is an acute intestinal infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi, characterized by persistent fever, central nervous system food poisoning symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and rash. Although patients may develop long-lasting immunity after the disease, the complications of typhoid fever can still have a significant impact on health. Intestinal bleeding. It is a common severe complication, commonly occurring in the third to fourth weeks of the history of present illness. It is caused by reasons such as walking around freely, overeating, and straining during defecation. The bleeding can range from occult blood in stool to a lot of purulent stool.

Intestinal perforation. It is the most severe complication, commonly occurring in the third to fourth weeks of the history of present illness. It often occurs at the distal ileum, but can also be common in the sigmoid colon or other intestinal segments. The cause of the disease is basically the same as intestinal bleeding, and in some cases, both may occur separately. The main manifestations include sudden severe pain in the lower right abdomen, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, sweating, thin and rapid pulse, shortness of breath, decreased body temperature and blood pressure. After 1-2 hours, the pain and other symptoms may temporarily subside, but the body temperature will rise rapidly and signs of peritonitis will appear shortly thereafter.

Toxic side effects

. It is more common in the first 1-2 weeks of the history of present illness. The specific manifestations include liver enlargement, which may be accompanied by tenderness upon physical examination. With the improvement of the condition, liver enlargement and liver function tests can recover within 2-3 weeks.

Toxic side effect myocarditis. It is more common in the second to third weeks of the history of present illness, accompanied by severe hemolytic anemia. Clinical symptoms include increased heart rate, irregular heartbeat, slightly low blood pressure, and specific changes in electrocardiogram.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome. It is generally common in the first 1-3 weeks of the history of present illness. The specific manifestations include hemolytic anemia and renal failure, with low platelet count and elevated free fatty acid solutes.

Others. Common conditions include bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, acute cholecystitis, thrombophlebitis, toxic encephalopathy, and others.

Spider angiomas grow on the face, neck, upper chest, shoulders, and upper limbs.

Spider angiomas are vascular nevi formed by the dilation of terminal branches of small arteries in the skin. The causes are related to increased estrogen levels and decreased androgen production in the body. It may also be caused by physiological and pathological factors. When women enter puberty, there is a relatively large amount of estrogen secretion in the body, which may lead to the appearance of spider angiomas. As age increases, the amount of estrogen secretion gradually decreases, and the symptoms will gradually disappear. Spider angiomas may also appear after pregnancy, which is due to excessive estrogen production during pregnancy. The symptoms will gradually disappear after delivery and do not require treatment.

If the number of spider angiomas is relatively large and there are more obvious physical symptoms, it is necessary to consider pathological causes, which are closely related to liver function damage, such as liver cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, etc. If the liver is severely damaged, it will lead to a decrease in metabolic capacity. After estrogen enters the blood circulation, it will cause the terminal branches of small arteries to become dilated and expanded, thereby producing spider angiomas.

Spider angiomas often grow on the face, neck, upper chest, shoulders, and upper limbs, etc. If the number is relatively large, it is recommended to go to the hospital for a comprehensive physical examination to identify the cause and then treat the symptoms accordingly, which can quickly improve the condition.

The related symptoms of spider angioma:

Each spider angioma has a different size, with larger ones having a diameter of about 1.5 centimeters. It can also be found that the center of the mole protrudes above the skin surface. If it is pressed with a glass slide, it can be seen to pulsate, and our naked eyes can see that the capillaries around the mole have expanded, and they also show a radial arrangement. Spider angioma generally occurs above the trunk of the human body, and is usually common on the face, neck, and hands, and can also appear in some areas of trauma. It usually occurs only once, and it may be multiple. If it is multiple, it may indicate that the person has liver disease. In addition, similar damage may appear in the patient’s lips and nasal mucosa, but these areas are not very typical.

The research results show that the incidence of spider angioma in patients with acute hepatitis is about 1%, and it can reach about 54% in patients with chronic hepatitis. Spider angioma increases sharply when the liver function deteriorates. If the liver function improves, the spider angioma will gradually change from bright red to black, and then gradually change from bright red to black.

In summary, we should understand the related symptoms of spider angioma. In addition, we would like to remind all patients that spider angioma may cause hepatitis B to some extent, but it is not the only cause. If spider angioma appears, it is still necessary to go to the hospital in time for a check-up, find the cause, and receive appropriate treatment.

The main reason for pregnancy is to continue the family line, as the saying goes, there are three unfilial acts, and not having descendants is the greatest. In our consciousness, married people all want to have children, otherwise, even if they are married, it is not very meaningful. In fact, for modern people, such an awareness is wrong, because in this world there is also a kind of feeling called love, so children are not the only purpose of marriage. Of course, it is not necessary to cruelly harm oneself for the baby. Giving birth is a very natural and legitimate thing. There is a saying that goes: ‘What is in the destiny will come, and what is not in the destiny should not be pursued.’

In fact, embracing can also be understood as a form of etiquette, as the scope of embracing is very broad and not only always appears between lovers, but also appears in many social etiquette, so embracing does not cause pregnancy.

Kissing is also understood in the same way. In some public places, such situations may occur. If kissing can immediately cause pregnancy, then such situations are not suitable in public places because it is too dangerous. At that time, the child does not know who it is. Therefore, kissing does not cause pregnancy, otherwise, laws and regulations would explicitly prohibit it, or even grant some related laws and regulations.

The standard for pregnancy is to combine sperm and egg after they are combined in order to cause pregnancy, and embracing and kissing cannot cause sperm and egg to combine.

After reading the analysis, do you have a basic definition of pregnancy? Therefore, such a simple embrace and kiss does not constitute the element of pregnancy. However, if you are young, you still don’t need to try kissing, but you can still try embracing, which depends on whether it is at the level of etiquette knowledge or the level of the couple’s relationship. If it is at the level of etiquette knowledge, then embracing and kissing are both permissible, but if it is between couples, sometimes embracing is permissible, but kissing depends on the actual age level. If you are young, you still don’t need to try it, and if you are older, it can also be considered a very good way of communication.

Black stools during defecation are usually caused by various reasons such as diet, medication, and gastrointestinal bleeding, and can be treated according to symptoms.

1. Diet: If a patient eats dark-colored foods, meats, animal blood products, and other foods in daily life, it may affect the color of feces, usually causing no special concern.

2. Medication: Some patients take traditional Chinese medicine or drugs containing bismuth, iron, etc., such as colloidal bismuth subgluconate capsules, metoprolol tartrate tablets, potassium citrate granules, and other drugs, which can affect the color of feces, causing it to be black and lack luster, usually requiring no special treatment.

3. Gastrointestinal bleeding: If a patient has gastrointestinal diseases that cause bleeding, black stools may occur, and it is necessary to go to a regular medical institution’s Department of Gastroenterology for examination in a timely manner.

Electric toothbrushes generally do not cause teeth to become loose. They can clean teeth through vibration, and usually do not cause teeth to become loose. If teeth become loose, it may be due to gingivitis.

Electric toothbrushes can usually clean teeth effectively, and the vibration method can enhance the cleaning power of teeth, removing dirt on teeth and achieving the effect of cleaning teeth. Generally, they do not cause teeth to loosen. If teeth become loose, it may be due to gingivitis or pulpitis, and usually requires a visit to the dental department. If the condition is caused by gingivitis or pulpitis, treatment under the guidance of a professional doctor may be necessary, which may include oral medication or root canal treatment. During the treatment period, it is important to maintain oral hygiene and avoid eating cold and stimulating foods to reduce damage to the teeth.

In daily life, it is important to develop good habits, maintain sufficient sleep time at night, and try to avoid staying up late. Additionally, it is necessary to keep the oral cavity clean and hygienic when waking up in the morning or going to bed at night. Brushing your teeth twice a day can reduce bacterial residue and prevent bad breath. After eating, rinse your mouth with clean water promptly to remove dirt from your teeth.