Talipes equinovarus

　　Congenital talipes equinovarus is more common in the first child, and may be related to the small uterus and high tension of primiparas, as well as the relatively tense abdominal muscles. The above conditions are more likely to cause mechanical compression of the fetus in the late stage of pregnancy, thereby causing abnormal foot posture.

　　Children with congenital talipes equinovarus may develop abnormal foot bone development over time; it may cause the talus and navicular bones to protrude inward, the lateral calcaneus and cuneiform bones to have poor development, the calcaneus to be varus; and the forefoot to be abducted and pronated, with the medial margin sinking (the paralysis of the posterior tibial muscle is more obvious). It can also cause pain in the dorsal and plantar aspects of the forefoot, and painful calluses may appear.

　　Congenital talipes equinovarus is a common postural foot deformity, often seen in the first child, and may be related to the small uterus and high tension of primiparas, as well as the relatively tense abdominal muscles. The deformed foot can be found after birth, with the foot dorsiflexed and varus. In severe cases, the foot dorsum may contact the skin in front of the tibia. At the same time, due to the increased tension of the soft tissues on the lateral and dorsal sides of the foot, the plantar flexion and inversion activities of the foot are limited.

　　Congenital hammertoe is a congenital disease with an unknown etiology, and there are currently no effective preventive measures. Pregnant women should have prenatal examinations to avoid the birth of infants with congenital diseases.

　　Congenital hammertoe is a common postural foot deformity characterized by full foot dorsiflexion and inversion. Women are more affected than men, with a ratio of about 1:0.6. The affected foot deformity can be observed at birth. In severe cases, the foot back can come into contact with the skin in front of the tibia. Auxiliary examinations often show no specific findings. X-ray examinations usually show no abnormalities, neither subluxation of the tarsal joint nor maldevelopment of the primary tarsal ossification centers.

　　Hammertoe is a congenital disease with no dietary taboos. Pregnant women should ensure adequate and comprehensive nutrition during pregnancy, avoid picky eating, maintain good rest and living habits, engage in moderate exercise to ensure the health of the fetus.

　　Congenital hammertoe is a common postural foot deformity, often seen in the firstborn infants, with more girls than boys. This is related to the small uterus and high tension in primigravidas, as well as the relatively tense abdominal muscles. The treatment of congenital hammertoe can be divided into the following two situations:

　　For mild cases, if the affected foot can be passively plantar flexed and inverted beyond the neutral position, treatment is not necessary, and it can usually recover spontaneously within 3 to 6 months.

　　For relatively severe deformities, manual reduction should be adopted, and passive plantar flexion and inversion activities should be performed, stretching the lateral and plantar soft tissues of the foot. This should be done 3 to 4 times a day, with each session consisting of 30 movements. Each stretch should be maintained for about 10 seconds. Generally, persistence for 2 to 3 months can make the deformity disappear. If manual reduction is still not satisfactory, orthopedic plaster or Denis-Brown splint should be used to fix the affected foot in a plantar flexion and inversion position, which can make the deformity disappear in about 4 to 6 weeks.