Reproductive tract infection

　　How are reproductive tract infections caused? A brief description is as follows:

　　1. Bacterial and viral infections (40%)

　　Women bear the main responsibilities of pregnancy, childbirth, and contraception, which increase the opportunity for infection. Due to the close proximity of the vaginal orifice to the anus and urethra, the vaginal mucosa has a large exposed area. If not paying attention to cleaning the vulva with a pH4 weak acidic feminine hygiene fluid, it is easy to develop vaginal infections. Most women of childbearing age have varying degrees of cervical epithelial cell displacement (cervical erosion), making it easier for pathogens to reach target cells and increasing the opportunity for infection. Research has found that 50%-60% of women experience reproductive tract infections/sexually transmitted infections without obvious clinical manifestations after infection, which not only delays treatment but also increases the risk of further spread of infection.

　　2. Drug factors (20%)

　　There are various microorganisms in the vagina. Lactobacilli, estrogens, and vaginal pH play an important role in maintaining the vaginal ecological balance. Physiologically, estrogens cause the vaginal epithelium to proliferate and thicken, becoming rich in glycogen. Vaginal epithelial cells break down glycogen into monosaccharides, and vaginal lactobacilli convert monosaccharides into lactic acid, maintaining the normal acidic environment of the vagina (pH≤4.5, mostly between 3.8~4.4), inhibiting the growth of other pathogens, known as the vaginal self-cleaning action. Long-term oral administration of antibiotics and hormone drugs will destroy the normal acidic environment in the vagina and cause reproductive tract infections.

　　3. Social factors (5%)

　　Additionally, influenced by economic and traditional cultural concepts, women cannot seek medical treatment in a timely manner after the onset of infection symptoms, which also increases the opportunity for the spread of infection.

　　4. Other factors (30%)

　　Vaginal irrigation, sexual activity, and surgical procedures can also cause infections of the reproductive organs.

　　生殖道感染引发什么疾病？简述如下：

　　1、生殖器溃疡、出血；

　　2、非生殖器部位的炎症感染；生殖感染转为慢性，或引起前列腺炎、附睾炎等并发症。

　　3、癌变：可以是全身的。

　　生殖道感染有哪些症状？简述如下：

　　一、最常见的几种生殖感染症状

　　1、衣原体病。这是一种细菌感染，是目前最常见的性传染病，但如果进行早期治疗，是可以通过抗生素治愈的。75％的女性患者及25％的男性患者不会有症状表现。

　　症状：排泄物异常，小便疼痛，下腹部疼痛或性交时疼痛。

　　2、淋病。这是一种由细菌传播的疾病，它能侵袭人的子宫颈、尿道、直肠、眼或喉，而且常与衣原体病共存。

　　症状：感到小便时灼痛或瘙痒，或许你也有可能什么症状都没有。

　　3、人乳头状瘤病毒。也被称为HPV或生殖器湿疣，是美国最常见的性传染病之一。正如这种病的名字所标明的，这是一种病毒，一旦受到它的感染，这种病会伴随一生。湿疣可能生在外阴部、阴道内、子宫颈上、肛门里，或者甚至会出现在喉部。对生殖器湿疣的疗法包括通过冷凝疗法冷冻，用激光疗法治疗，通过外科手术切除或采用化学疗法。虽然经过了治疗，生殖器湿疣还可能在以后复发，某些这种病毒还会引起子宫颈癌。因此，对于已经患过一次HPV的女性，每年应至少做一次巴氏试验。对于易发性感染应多进行几次巴氏试验。

　　症状：湿疣可能生在外阴部、阴道内、子宫颈上、肛门里，或者甚至会出现在喉部。

　　4、生殖器疱疹。或称为二型疱疹，是通过皮肤接触传染的。

　　症状：开始表现为阴部、大腿或臀部瘙痒或灼痒、疼痛，继而阴部、臀部、肛门或身体的其他部位会明显的溃疡。这些伤处会在几周内痊愈，但对于大多数人，这种病会复发。疱疹虽然无法根治，但可以通过服用抗病毒药物控制病情，这些药物可以减少该病暴发的频率，减轻病情。但在怀孕期患疱疹会引起严重的综合征。生殖器疱疹是由单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型所致生殖感染之一。

　　5、滴虫病。这是由寄生虫引起的感染，其症状表现为阴道有分泌物，性交时有不适感，排尿疼痛，以及阴道恶臭等。对于患者本人，尤其是男性，有可能身患滴虫病而自己一无所知。因为这种病常常没有什么症状。由于这种病是由寄生虫引起的，所以可以通过服用抗生素类药治疗。滴虫性阴道炎是妇科常见的疾病。它是由阴道毛滴虫引起的。滴虫通过性交可直接传给女方。

　　症状：性交时有不适感，排尿疼痛，以及阴道恶臭等。

　　6、梅毒。这是由细菌感染引起的，它能侵袭人的心脏、眼睛、大脑、骨骼及神经系统。初期梅毒表现为阴部出现无痛溃疡，通常在受感染后10天到3个月后开始出现。梅毒是由苍白螺旋体即梅毒螺旋体引起的一种慢性性传播疾病，可以侵犯皮肤、黏膜及其他多种组织器官。

　　症状：阴部出现无痛溃疡，通常在受感染后10天到3个月后开始出现。

　　二、艾滋病症状

　　许多受艾滋病病毒感染的人在潜伏期没有任何自觉症状，但也有一部分人在感染早期（病毒复制开始阶段，感染后2-4周，介于5天-3月）可以出现非特异性的急性HIV感染综合征，表现似单核细胞增多症：发烧、盗汗、头晕、无力、咽痛、不适、肌痛、头痛、关节痛、躯干丘斑疹、腹泻、淋巴结病（主要累及腋窝、枕部及颈部淋巴结，也可出现全身淋巴结肿大，可持续存在数月，甚至数年）等类似“感冒”的症状，有些人还可发生腹泻。这种症状通常持续1-2周后就会消失，此后病人便转入无症状的潜伏期。常见的症状有以下几个方面：

　　1、一般性症状：持续发烧、虚弱、盗汗、全身浅表淋巴结肿大，体重下降在三个月之内可达10％以上，最多可降低40％，病人消瘦特别明显。

　　2、呼吸道症状：长期咳嗽、胸痛、呼吸困难、严重时痰中带血。

　　3、消化道症状：食欲下降、厌食、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、严重时可便血。通常用于治疗消化道感染的药物对这种腹泻无效。

　　4、神经系统症状：头晕、头痛、反应迟钝、智力减退、精神异常、抽风、偏瘫、痴呆等。

　　5、皮肤和黏膜损害：弥漫性丘疹、带状疱疹、口腔和咽部黏膜炎症及溃烂。

　　6、肿瘤：可出现多种恶性肿瘤，位于体表的卡波希氏肉瘤可见红色或紫红色的斑疹、丘疹和浸润性肿块。

　　生殖道感染如何预防？简述如下：

　　1、日常私处护理要用pH4弱酸性女性护理液，以维护阴道的自洁功能。

　　2、和越多的人从事没有防护的性行为，就越可能感染生殖感染。

　　3、在从事阴道、肛门性交或口交时，应自始至终使用避孕套加杀精剂。请记住原则：每一次进行性行为时，都要从事更安全的性行为。

　　4、随时注意症状。假如阴茎、阴道或肛门里面、表面或四周有任何不寻常的分泌物、伤口、脓疱、伤肿、肿块、酸痒或疼痛，或假如和一位认为可能感染生殖感染的人进行性行为的话，请去找医生做检查。假如有任何疑问，做检查总是一件睿智的事。同时，先停止性活动。

　　5、有症状要及时看医生，否则感染会越加恶化，也可能已传染给另一个人。无法知道的病情有多重，会威胁到生命的感染的有些症状可能像轻微的感染一样，只有医生能确定诊断是什么毛病。有许多医院可以在完全秘密的情形下做检查和检验。除了有性关系的人应该告诉他之外，其他人就不会知道你感染一种生殖感染。请查看电话薄或查问本市或国家卫生部门，以看看到哪里做秘密检验和治疗。

　　6、假如性行为活跃，请定期做医学检查。由于可能得到一种生殖感染而从未出现任何症状，因此请不要等到察觉有问题时才去做检查。请计划一年至少接受一至两次检查，以确定未受感染。女性每年应做乳房及盆腔检查，在进行盆腔检查之前，不要冲洗阴道、从事性行为或使用任何阴道医疗方法，因为这会使医生更难检查可以显示感染的阴道分泌物。假如检验结果显示感染一种生殖感染，请告知伴侣，以便他或她也接受治疗，使彼此不会再重复感染。

　　7、请对医生坦白说明情形。找一位能让自己感到自在的医生或其他保健工作人员，然后对进行检查的人完全坦白。告诉医生是否有任何症状，是否不只和一个人有性关系，是否有从事阴道、肛门性交或口交，是否在注射毒品，或认为已有了身孕。许多生殖感染的症状可能会被误以为是其他疾病，假如不提供医生所有资讯，就可能无法获得正确的治疗。请记住：医生并不是要来评断，而是要治疗，因此不要因为尴尬而不肯据实相告。假如某位医生真的觉得尴尬，那就另择其他医生。

　　生殖道感染应该做哪些检查？简述如下：

　　一、白带

　　将阴道分泌物涂片，在显微镜下观察，按阴道杆菌、白细胞（WBC）及杂菌的多少来判定阴道清洁度，共分4度：Ⅰ度：有大量阴道杆菌及上皮细胞，无杂菌、白细胞，视野干净，是正常分泌物。Ⅱ度：阴道杆菌及上皮细胞中量，少量白细胞及杂菌，仍属于正常阴道分泌物。Ⅲ度：少许阴道杆菌及鳞状上皮，较多杂菌及白细胞，提示有较轻的阴道炎症。Ⅳ度：无阴道杆菌，只有少许上皮细胞，有大量白细胞及杂菌。提示有相对较重的阴道炎症，如霉菌性阴道炎、滴虫性阴道炎。

　　Two, Gynecological Ultrasound

　　1. Gynecological Ultrasound Examination Item 1: Congenital malformations of reproductive organs, such as congenital absence of uterus, various uterine malformations (bicornuate uterus, bivaginal uterus, bicorne uterus, rudimentary horn uterus, septate uterus), hymen malformation (stenosis, hematocolpos), and ectopic kidney (pelvic kidney).

　　2. Gynecological Ultrasound Examination Item 2: Endometriosis (adenomyosis, ovarian chocolate cyst).

　　3. Gynecological Ultrasound Examination Item 3: Endometrial cavity lesions, such as incomplete abortion, abnormal development or retention of pregnancy, hydatidiform mole, endometrial hyperplasia, polyps, corpus adenocarcinoma, etc.

　　4. Gynecological Ultrasound Examination Item 4: Intrauterine contraceptive device, to understand its position, deformation, impaction, perforation, extrusion, or pregnancy with the ring.

　　5. Gynecological Ultrasound Examination Item 5: Cervical lesions, such as cervical hypertrophy, Nabb's cysts, polyps.

　　6. Gynecological Ultrasound Examination Item 6: Pelvic reproductive organ inflammation, such as uterine abscess, hydrosalpinx.

　　7. Gynecological Ultrasound Examination Item 7: Findings after hysterectomy.

　　8. Gynecological Ultrasound Examination Item 8: Gynecological non-neoplastic tumors, such as follicular cysts, corpus luteum cysts, luteinized cysts, polycystic ovaries, ovarian hematoma, ovarian corona cysts.

　　9. Gynecological Ultrasound Examination Item 9: Gynecological Tumors. Benign gynecological tumors, such as uterine fibroids and various ovarian cysts; malignant gynecological tumors, such as corpus adenocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, primary or secondary ovarian cancer, etc.

　　Three, Cervical Scraping

　　Using a special wooden board, rotate around the cervical os once and scrape the secretion at the squamous-columnar junction to make a smear. Perform Papanicolaou (Pap) staining or hematoxylin-eosin staining to find tumor cells, which has now become a routine examination in gynecological outpatients.

　　Four, Cytological Ovulatory Function Examination

　　Using a scraper, gently scrape a small amount of secretion from the upper third of the vaginal wall and make a smear. Perform Safranin staining and carry out cytological examination. Calculate the percentage of basal/middle/surface epithelial cells (also known as the maturity index). The appearance of dense nuclear surface cells in the smear indicates the influence of estrogen, and the absence of surface cells with low-level cells as the main indicator of ovarian dysfunction.

　　Five, Cervical Mucus Examination

　　It includes cervical mucus viscosity, stringiness (estrogen levels are high during ovulation, cervical mucus is in the form of egg white, elasticity increases, and the length of mucus string can reach 10cm. Under the action of progesterone, cervical mucus becomes turbid, thick, and the stringiness decreases to 1-2cm), and mucus crystal types (cervical mucus is placed on a glass slide and dried, and observed under a low-power microscope. Under the influence of estrogen, it forms fernlike crystals, and after ovulation, under the influence of progesterone, the crystals become ellipsoid. By observing the changes before and after, it can be known whether ovulation has occurred).

　　Six, Pregnancy Test

　　Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by the trophoblastic layer of the embryo enters the maternal blood and is excreted in urine. The content of hCG in the urine of women is measured to diagnose pregnancy and related diseases such as abortion and ectopic pregnancy.

　　Seven, Postcervical Puncture Technique

　　When there is a suspicion of fluid accumulation (blood or pus) in the peritoneal cavity, it can be directly punctured from the posterior fornix of the vagina to aspirate the fluid accumulated in the pelvic cavity for examination. This method is convenient and easy to use and is a common emergency auxiliary diagnostic method for ectopic pregnancy.

　　Eighth, Basal Body Temperature (BBT) Measurement

　　Basal body temperature refers to the temperature measured after a relatively long period of sleep (6-8 hours) before any activity is performed upon waking up. The oral thermometer should be tested for 10 minutes. Under normal circumstances, the basal body temperature of women of childbearing age slightly increases after ovulation (due to the stimulation of progesterone on the temperature center), 0.3-0.5℃ higher than the follicular phase, and decreases 1-2 days or on the first day of menstruation. The normal menstrual cycle daily basal body temperature connection forms a biphasic pattern, the high temperature phase lasts for more than 10 days, and the difference between low and high temperature is more than 0.3℃; if the high temperature phase

　　What should be paid attention to in the diet and health care for reproductive tract infections? Briefly described as follows:

　　1、Abstain from alcohol:Drinking alcohol is a major taboo for patients with reproductive infections. Alcohol can weaken the body's resistance, promote the exacerbation and spread of inflammation, leading to the transformation of reproductive infections into chronic, or causing complications such as prostatitis and epididymitis. Alcohol is also an important cause of recurrence of reproductive infections.

　　2、Taboo:After suffering from reproductive infection, spicy and刺激性 food, such as chili, ginger, and drinking strong tea and coffee, should be avoided. Stimulatory foods can cause tissue congestion and exacerbate inflammatory reactions, in addition, beef, mutton, dog, and male chicken should also be avoided.

　　3、Nutrition:Patients with chronic reproductive infections should pay attention to nutritional supplementation. Milk, eggs, fish, pork, and soy products are rich in protein and other nutrients that can help tissue repair, enhance the body's immunity, and promote body recovery; in addition, it is also necessary to supplement vitamins and trace elements. When suffering from acute reproductive infection, vitamin C can be taken because vitamin C can enhance immunity and anti-inflammatory properties.

　　Commonly used cooling and detoxifying traditional Chinese herbal medicines for urinary tract infections reported in various regions, mainly include Lonicera japonica (Shrub), Houttuynia cordata, Oldenlandia diffusa, Poria cocos, Clerodendrum bungei, Portulaca oleracea, Scutellaria baicalensis, Phellodendron amurense, Coptis chinensis, Polygonum cuspidatum, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Viola yedoensis, Taraxacum mongolicum, Isatis indigotica, etc. These drugs can also be selected, combined, and matched with Yiqi Tonglin Linyi drugs for better efficacy.