Complications of sterilization surgery

　　1, Bleeding and hematoma: No bleeding tendency disease before, caused by external bleeding due to sterilization surgery (≥100ml when removing or inserting an intrauterine device, ≥200ml during early pregnancy induced abortion by aspiration or curettage, ≥300ml during mid-pregnancy induced abortion including curettage and various methods of induction, or within 24 hours after childbirth), or internal bleeding, as well as abdominal wall hematoma, broad ligament hematoma, and retroperitoneal hematoma, etc.

　　2, Infection: There was no systemic or local infection before the operation, and within two weeks after sterilization surgery, there began to appear abdominal wall incision, peritoneum, uterine, adnexal, and pelvic inflammation directly related to sterilization surgery, which may even develop into systemic infection.

　　1, Incomplete induced abortion, vaginal bleeding persistently or repeatedly after induced abortion aspiration or curettage, and the discharged material or products of curettage are embryo, villi, or placental tissue. Pathological examination should be performed if necessary to confirm.

　　2, Failed induced abortion, continuing pregnancy refers only to cases where the induced abortion aspiration or curettage fails to remove or grasp the embryo, resulting in continued pregnancy.

　　3, Amniotic fluid embolism during induced abortion (including curettage, various methods of induction, or cesarean section), caused by amniotic fluid entering the blood circulation, leading to a series of symptoms and signs such as pulmonary embolism, shock, coagulation mechanism disorder, and acute renal and cardiac failure.

　　1, Organ injury

　　Caused by uterine perforation or rupture due to sterilization surgery, cervical, vaginal lacerations, adnexal, intestinal tract, and mesentery injuries, requiring repair or resection for bleeding.

　　2, Bleeding and hematoma

　　No bleeding tendency disease before, caused by external bleeding due to sterilization surgery (≥100ml when removing or inserting an intrauterine device, ≥200ml during early pregnancy induced abortion by aspiration or curettage, ≥300ml during mid-pregnancy induced abortion including curettage and various methods of induction, or within 24 hours after childbirth), or internal bleeding, as well as abdominal wall hematoma, broad ligament hematoma, and retroperitoneal hematoma, etc.

　　3. Infection

　　There was no systemic or local infection before surgery, and within two weeks after sterilization surgery, symptoms such as direct abdominal wall incision, peritoneum, uterine, adnexal, and pelvic inflammation related to sterilization surgery may appear, and may even develop into systemic infection.

　　4. Incomplete abortion

　　During induced abortion, uterine scraping, and various post-abortion procedures, vaginal bleeding may continue or recur, and the discharged material or products of curettage may be embryonic, villous, or placental tissue. Pathological examination should be performed if necessary.

　　5. Induced abortion failure, continuation of pregnancy

　　It refers only to cases where the fetus continues to gestate due to failure to aspirate or scrape the embryo during induced abortion or uterine scraping.

　　6. Amniotic fluid embolism

　　During artificial abortion (including uterine scraping, various induction methods, or curettage for fetal extraction), symptoms such as pulmonary embolism, shock, coagulation mechanism disorder, and acute renal or cardiac failure may occur due to amniotic fluid entering the blood circulation.

　　7. Gas embolism

　　During induced abortion, or during surgery related to sterilization performed via hysteroscopy or laparoscopy, gas embolism may occur due to instrument failure or operational errors, causing gas to enter the blood vessels.

　　8. Medication corrosion injury

　　During tubal occlusion sterilization surgery, symptoms may occur due to corrosive medication injury to other tissues.

　　1. This diagnostic standard is limited to diagnoses related to female sterilization surgery and is not a medical disease definition or diagnostic standard.

　　2. Post-sterilization menstrual irregularities, as well as complications such as pneumoperitoneum, instrument stimulation, or comprehensive reactions caused by induced abortion during laparoscopic sterilization, are classified as side effects and not considered complications.

　　3. Complications caused by the misuse of medication or foreign bodies left in the abdominal cavity, or by the failure to remove vaginal gauze in a timely manner after packing, are considered surgical accidents, and do not belong to complications of sterilization surgery.

　　4. Neurosis after sterilization surgery, although neurosis is not directly related to surgery, the preoperative nervous and mental system was normal. It is indeed caused by mental factors such as suspicion and fear induced by sterilization surgery. After consultation between obstetrics and gynecology and psychiatry departments, it is confirmed as neurosis, and can be treated according to the complications of sterilization surgery.

　　5. Any complications that do not recur within half a year after treatment are considered cured. Women with periodic lower abdominal pain, uterine hemorrhage, significantly reduced menstrual flow, or amenorrhea, and those confirmed by cervical canal, uterine cavity exploration, X-ray contrast, or hysteroscopy, etc., are considered cured.

　　6. In the case of intestinal adhesion, there was no history of abdominal surgery before or after sterilization, nor inflammation of the peritoneum or abdominal organs. During sterilization surgery, there was no inflammation or adhesion in the abdominal cavity. Postoperative symptoms of typical incomplete or complete intestinal obstruction were observed, which were confirmed by X-ray examination or laparoscopic examination, and adhesion of the intestines was found.

　　7. During abdominal sterilization surgery, there was no inflammation or adhesion in the abdominal cavity, but postoperative symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, discomfort under the xiphoid process, inability to straighten the trunk, and pinpoint pain upon standing were observed. Laparoscopic examination or laparotomy confirmed adhesion between the omentum and the abdominal wall or pelvis.

　　8. Incision hernia, chronic inflammatory masses, or abdominal wall fistula after abdominal hysterectomy; abdominal wall endometriosis after cesarean section delivery; pelvic endometriosis centered on the residual end of the fallopian tube after combined abortion and sterilization surgery; and ectopic pregnancy after tubal ligation.

　　9. Various complications caused by the treatment of complications of sterilization surgery.

　　Fluoroscopy, also known as fluorescent透视, is a commonly used X-ray examination method. It utilizes the properties of X-rays, such as penetrability, fluorescence, and photographic effect, to form images of the human body on the screen. Due to the differences in density and thickness of human tissue, the degree of absorption of X-rays varies when X-rays penetrate different tissues of the human body, so the amount of X-rays reaching the screen is different, forming images with different black and white contrasts, which provide a basis for the doctor's diagnosis.

　　1. Foods to eat for complications of sterilization surgery

　　Eating light in flavor as the main, eating more vegetables and fruits, reasonable diet, pay attention to nutritional adequacy.

　　2. Foods to avoid for complications of sterilization surgery

　　Avoid smoking and drinking, spicy and greasy foods. Avoid cold and raw foods.

　　1. Contraceptive device malposition: The intrauterine contraceptive device is partially or completely embedded in the uterine muscle layer, or is located outside the uterus, including within the pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, broad ligament, and outside the abdominal cavity.

　　2. Contraceptive device fracture and deformation: Obvious clinical symptoms occur due to the fracture and deformation of intrauterine contraceptive devices (including disconnection at the joint).

　　3. Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease: There was no genital inflammation before surgery, and there were acute pelvic infections directly related to sterilization surgery in the short term (starting within two weeks), due to incomplete treatment, the symptoms and signs persisted or the disease recurred, and there were positive signs in gynecological examination.

　　4. Posthysterectomy syndrome: Lower abdominal pain may occur after tubal ligation surgery, and the symptoms may worsen during prolonged standing or sexual activity. Vaginal examination does not show any significant positive findings. After pelvic venography, laparoscopic examination, or surgery, it is confirmed that there is pelvic varicose veins, and other organic diseases of the reproductive organs are excluded.

　　5. Cervical canal or uterine cavity adhesion may occur after uterine aspiration or curettage due to reasons such as abortion or incomplete abortion.